Block Chain - Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a decentralized, sandboxed runtime environment that executes smart contracts consistently across all Ethereum nodes.

Core Explanation (Exam-Focused)

1. Runtime Engine
   Executes smart contract bytecode on the Ethereum blockchain.

2. Deterministic Execution
   Same input produces the same output on every node.

3. Isolated Environment
   Smart contracts run in a sandbox, preventing access to host systems.

4. Stack-Based Architecture
   Operates using a stack, memory, and storage model.

5. Gas Metering
   Each operation consumes gas to prevent infinite loops and abuse.

6. Language Independent
   Supports high-level languages compiled to bytecode (e.g., Solidity).

7. Consensus-Critical
   Execution results must match across all nodes to maintain consensus.

Role in Ethereum

• Runs decentralized applications (dApps)

• Enforces smart contract logic

• Enables token standards (ERC-20, ERC-721)

EVM-Compatible Blockchains

• Binance Smart Chain

• Polygon

• Avalanche (C-Chain)

One-Line Definition (Exam Use)

The Ethereum Virtual Machine is a decentralized execution environment that runs smart contracts deterministically across all Ethereum nodes.