Software Engineering basics - Software Architecture

What is Software Architecture?

Software architecture is the high-level structure of a software system. It defines how different components of the system interact, how they are organized, and how the system meets technical and business requirements.

Think of it like the blueprint of a building. Just as a blueprint defines rooms, walls, and wiring, software architecture defines modules, components, and their interactions.

Key Goals of Software Architecture

  1. Organization – Defines the structure of the system into modules or components.

  2. Scalability – Allows the system to grow without breaking.

  3. Maintainability – Makes it easier to modify or update the system.

  4. Performance – Ensures the system can handle the expected load.

  5. Reliability & Security – Ensures correct and safe functioning.

  6. Reusability – Allows parts of the system to be reused in other projects.

Components of Software Architecture

  1. Components / Modules – The building blocks of the system (e.g., database module, UI module, authentication module).

  2. Connectors / Interfaces – How components communicate (APIs, message queues, HTTP requests).

  3. Configurations – How components are arranged and deployed.

  4. Patterns & Styles – Common solutions and structures (like MVC, Microservices, Layered Architecture).

Common Software Architecture Styles

  1. Layered (n-tier) Architecture

    • Layers like Presentation → Business Logic → Data Access.

    • Pros: Easy to understand and maintain.

    • Cons: Can be slow if layers are tightly coupled.

  2. Client-Server Architecture

    • Server provides services; clients consume them.

    • Used in web apps, email systems.

  3. Microservices Architecture

    • System split into small, independent services.

    • Pros: Scalable, flexible deployment.

    • Cons: Complex to manage, network overhead.

  4. Event-Driven Architecture

    • Components communicate by sending/receiving events.

    • Good for real-time systems like trading platforms.

  5. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

    • Similar to microservices but usually larger, often enterprise-level.

Why Software Architecture Matters

  • Helps manage complexity in large systems.

  • Ensures that software is robust, scalable, and maintainable.

  • Guides developers in making consistent design decisions.

  • Acts as a communication tool between developers, stakeholders, and clients.